ABSTRACT: Several methods have been described to shorten orthodontic treatments, but the main disadvantage is their invasiveness. Animal studies have shown that piezopuncture can accelerate the rate of tooth movement without causing collateral damage. Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcome, in terms of safety and efficacy, of a flapless piezopuncture on maxillary canine distalization. Methods: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial was carried out on five patients. Piezopuncture was performed on a random side of the maxillary arch to assess the rate of canine movement on the stimulated side, compared to the non-stimulated control side after 15 (T1), 30 (T2), and 60 (T3) days. Also, immediate side effects and changes in buccal bone thickness after one year were assessed. Results: Distalization on the intervention versus control side at T1 was 1.24±0.21mm versus 0.64±0.33mm (p=0.005); at T2 it was 2.00±0.28mm versus 1.36±0.49mm (p=0.046); and at T3 it was 4.28±0.66mm versus 3.65±0.88mm (p=0.102). No adverse effects related to the surgical procedure were observed or reported by patients. The thickness of the buccal bone plate showed no significant changes. Conclusions: Flapless piezopuncture accelerates the rate of tooth movement in orthodontic patients over the first 15 days and its effect declines over the next 45 days.

Background: People with Sensory Disabilities (PcDS) face barriers for equal access to health care. Thus, health centers require adjustments to comply with equal access that allows an universal coverage of care. Aim: To characterize the adjustments for the care of PcDS in primary health centers in Concepción, Chile. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study using data obtained through a questionnaire to key informants or via Transparency Law, and direct observation. The variables were subdivided into four categories, namely infrastructure, communication, skills, and environment. Results: The analyzed health centers have a high proportion of general adjustments of their physical settings. However, there is a lack of specific adjustments for deaf and blind people, especially communicational ones. Conclusions: There is a paucity of adjustments for the health care of PcDS in the analyzed health centers. This deficiency underscores the barriers faced by PcDS for receiving care in the Chilean public health system.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Determine and measure the association of social factors and health conditions with worse capacity and performance levels. METHODS Dependent variables consisted of performance and capacity; independent variables comprised age, gender, level of education, personal income, and health conditions. Means (95%CI) of performance and capacity were presented according to the independent variables. Generalized linear models, using a mutual adjustment for all variables considered statistically significant (p < 0.05), measured the associations between each exposure and outcomes. Study population included 12,265 individuals. RESULTS Older women with lower education and income levels and with some health condition showed the worst performance and capacity. CONCLUSION Results showed that the capacity and performance levels of the Chilean population changed according to social demographic characteristics and health conditions.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Determine and measure the association of social factors and health conditions with worse capacity and performance levels. METHODS Dependent variables consisted of performance and capacity; independent variables comprised age, gender, level of education, personal income, and health conditions. Means (95%CI) of performance and capacity were presented according to the independent variables. Generalized linear models, using a mutual adjustment for all variables considered statistically significant (p < 0.05), measured the associations between each exposure and outcomes. Study population included 12,265 individuals. RESULTS Older women with lower education and income levels and with some health condition showed the worst performance and capacity. CONCLUSION Results showed that the capacity and performance levels of the Chilean population changed according to social demographic characteristics and health conditions.

Abstract Objective: To identify the factors associated with Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in preschool children of Concepción, Chile. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of enrolled preschoolers who attend public schools in Concepción, Chile. To measure OHRQoL, the chilean version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was used; sociodemographic variables of the children and their parents were also recorded, as well as variables regarding the last visit to the dentist. To determine differences in the ECOHIS score for categorical variables, ANOVA and t-test were used, while Pearson's r was used to correlate ECOHIS with quantitative variables (p<0.05). Results: A total of 175 children were surveyed, with a distribution of 89 boys and 86 girls aged 56-to-79 months. The total score of the ECOHIS had a mean of 4.48 ±5.96, with a score between 0-38. Statistically significant associations were with parent's educational attainment (r=−0.159), dmft (r=0.380), OHI-S debris (r=0.174) and reason for the last visit to the dentist, the highest average in the ECOHIS scores was registered in the urgency reason. Conclusion: Oral health status, dental service utilization and educational level are associated with the OHRQoL of preschoolers of Concepción.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: A telemedicine program in oral pathology (TOP) and a preventive oral examination (POE) to identify oral lesions was implemented in Hualqui, Chile. The objective of this study is to describe the results of the TOP plus POE strategy at CESFAM Hualqui, Chile, during the period of 2016 to 2019. Materials and methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted with 152 Hualqui patients between 2016 and 2019. The following variables were recorded: diagnosis; injury diagnosis dates; date of teleconsultation; date and response of the specialist and subsequent control; waiting time for response (WTR) and waiting time for attention (WTA). Results: The WTR was 19.7 ± 12.8 days and WTA presented a median of 20 days (1−125) days. A total of 45 different oral pathologies were identified, the most frequent being stomatitis 8.6% (13), fibroma 8.6% (13) and mucocele 7.9% (12), and among the least frequent highlights three cases of oral cancer. Conclusions: The waiting periods until a response from the specialist and then until the face-to-face control were around 3 weeks each, most of the cases were identified through POE and correspond mostly to benign pathologies.

Resumen En los últimos años, la tecnología y la medicina han podido complementarse para la optimización de tiempo, conocimientos y recursos, aumentando la posibilidad de tratamientos personalizados en más pacientes. A nivel maxilofacial, la reconstrucción de defectos mandibulares se ha visto en la necesidad de progresar sus técnicas debido a la serie de orígenes que afectan el hueso mandibular de manera drástica, como lesiones traumáticas, cáncer, infecciones, enfermedad congénita u otros, y las innumerables consecuencias tanto estéticas como funcionales, restringiendo significativamente la calidad de vida. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar conceptos básicos del uso de tecnologías de impresión 3D en la reconstrucción mandibular. La impresión 3D ha aparecido en diversos ámbitos, siendo en el área de la medicina, un aporte fundamental para la creación de formas anatómicas de alta precisión con el que se pueden diseñar objetos con reproducción de detalles de manera rápida, luego de una serie de pasos que incluyen la obtención de una imagen radiográfica, uso de software y reparación de archivos, y la obtención de un modelo tridimensional. Los últimos estudios han validado el uso de impresiones 3D para una reconstrucción mandibular, con claros beneficios de costos y calidad de detalles. Es necesario crear un enfoque en las técnicas quirúrgicas utilizadas con un objeto impreso tridimensionalmente y un análisis post operatorio de los pacientes sometidos a estos procedimientos más allá de los detalles técnicos.

Abstract In recent years, technology and medicine have been able to complement each other to optimize time, knowledge and resources, increasing the possibility of personalized treatments in more patients. At the maxillofacial level, the reconstruction of mandibular defects has seen the need to progress its techniques due to the series of origins that drastically affect the mandibular bone, such as traumatic injuries, cancer, infections, congenital disease or others, and the innumerable both aesthetic and functional consequences, significantly restricting the quality of life. The objective of this article is to review basic concepts of the use of 3D printing technologies in mandibular reconstruction. 3D printing has appeared in various fields, being in the area of medicine, a fundamental contribution to the creation of high-precision anatomical shapes with which objects with reproduction of details can be designed quickly, after a series of steps which include obtaining a radiographic image, use of software and file repair, and obtaining a three-dimensional model. The latest studies have validated the use of 3D impressions for mandibular reconstruction, with clear benefits in cost and quality of details. It is necessary to create a focus on the surgical techniques used with a three-dimensional printed object and a post-operative analysis of the patients undergoing these procedures beyond the technical details.

Resumo Nos últimos anos, tecnologia e medicina têm se complementado para otimizar tempo, conhecimento e recursos, aumentando a possibilidade de tratamentos personalizados em mais pacientes. No nível maxilofacial, a reconstrução dos defeitos mandibulares tem visto a necessidade de progredir em suas técnicas devido à série de origens que afetam drasticamente o osso mandibular, como lesões traumáticas, câncer, infecções, doenças congênitas ou outras, e as inúmeras ambas estéticas. e consequências funcionais, restringindo significativamente a qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar os conceitos básicos do uso das tecnologias de impressão 3D na reconstrução mandibular. A impressão 3D tem surgido em vários campos, sendo na área da medicina uma contribuição fundamental para a criação de formas anatômicas de alta precisão com as quais objetos com reprodução de detalhes podem ser desenhados rapidamente, após uma série de etapas que incluem a obtenção de uma imagem radiográfica, uso de software e reparo de arquivos e obtenção de um modelo tridimensional. Os estudos mais recentes têm validado o uso de impressões 3D para reconstruções mandibulares, com claros benefícios em custo e qualidade de detalhes. É necessário criar um foco nas técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas com um objeto impresso tridimensional e uma análise pós-operatória dos pacientes submetidos a esses procedimentos para além dos detalhes técnicos.

Resumen La pornografía en internet se presenta como un fenómeno sin precedentes en la historia de la humanidad. Este trabajo expone una revisión teórico-histórica que da cuenta de las transformaciones culturales y sociojurídicas que permitieron su conformación, y al mismo tiempo destaca los rasgos distintivos que la separan cualitativamente de formas similares de material erotizante. En un movimiento dialéctico, caracterizado inicialmente por la unión entre sexualidad y divinidad, posteriormente por una era oscura de censura y opresión y, finalmente, por una nueva liberación como mercancía y entretenimiento en la era de la información, la pornografía ha sufrido transformaciones vertiginosas que adelantan con creces el estudio de la academia, particularmente en nuestra realidad latinoamericana.

Abstract Internet pornography is an unprecedented phenomenon in the history of mankind. The present article seeks to exhibit a theoretical-historical review that accounts for the cultural and socio-legal transformations that allowed its conformation, while highlighting the distinctive features that separate it qualitatively from other similar forms of eroticizing material. In a dialectical movement characterized initially by sexuality and divinity’s merging, later by a dark era of censorship and oppression, and finally by a new liberation as commodity and entertainment in the information age, pornography undergoes vertiginous transformations far ahead the study of academia, particularly in the Latin American context.

Resumen Internet ha cambiado los modos de relacionarse, específicamente el uso de redes sociales y el consumo de contenido multimedia, incluyendo la pornografía. A pesar de lo anterior, existe escasa literatura empírica nacional que aborde el fenómeno de la pornografía en internet. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir los efectos de la pornografía desde una perspectiva biopsicosocial, dando particular énfasis a la pornografía en internet, a fin de contextualizar dichocampo. Dentro de las tres dimensiones cubiertas, los estudios tienden a descartar la existencia de efectos evidentes, de alto impacto y a corto plazo, como también destacan la importancia del contexto en su modulación. Se presentan limitantes y observaciones críticas a los estudios reportados, como también se insta a abrir el debate académico nacional en torno a un fenómeno que, hace bastante, escapa de nuestras pantallas y demanda una aproximación científica críticamente actualizada.

Abstract The Internet has changed the ways of relating, specifically the use of social networks and the consumption of multimedia content, including pornography. Despite the above, there is scarce national empiric literature that addresses the phenomenon of pornography on the Internet. This paper’s aim is to describe the biopsychosocial effects of pornography, focusing on internet pornography, in order to contextualize the field. Within the three dimensions covered, studies tend to rule out the existence of obvious, high-impact, and short-term effects, as well as highlighting theimportance of context in its modulation. There are limitations and critical observations to the studies reported, as well as calls for opening the national academic debate around a phenomenon that, already for some time, escapes our screens and demands a critically updated scientific approach.

Abstract Migratory flows are part of Chilean history, and have experienced changes throughout the years. Nowadays, there are multiple violations to migrants’ rights, which hinder their access to employment. This goes against migration’s main purpose, which is to improve one’s living conditions. This review explores the main reasons that lead migrants to leave their nations of origin; ethnicity, cultural diversity and acculturation processes; migrants’ rights violations, highlighting legal rights violations; and employment as a social phenomenon, in which training courses and workshops become extremely relevant for migrant population. It is concluded that through multiple interventions, migrants’ rights violations might be diminished, improving their living conditions and facilitating their access to employment.

Resumen Los flujos migratorios son parte de la historia de Chile, y han tenido cambios a través del tiempo. Actualmente, existen múltiples vulneraciones a los derechos de las personas migrantes, que conllevan a que tengan dificultades para acceder a la esfera laboral. Esto dificulta cumplir el objetivo principal de la migración, correspondiente a mejorar las condiciones de vida. Se exploran en esta revisión bibliográfica los principales motivos para abandonar las naciones de origen; la etnicidad, diversidad cultural y procesos de aculturación; la vulneración de derechos de personas migrantes, destacándose las vulneraciones legales; y el trabajo como fenómeno social, donde se incluye la relevancia de los cursos y talleres de formación laboral para la población migrante. Se concluye que a través de múltiples intervenciones pueden disminuirse las vulneraciones de derechos a las personas migrantes y mejorar sus condiciones de vida, facilitando su acceso a la esfera laboral.

Resumen Introducción: en Chile, la legislación existente asegura la atención médica en el sistema de salud público para las personas trans; sin embargo, esto no se cumple en todos los servicios de salud. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las características y relevancia del Protocolo de Atención de Personas Trans, implementado por el Servicio de Salud Talcahuano. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, con recolección de datos a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupo focal. La información se analizó a través de teoría fundamentada y una matriz FODA. Desarrollo: desde la teoría fundamentada se desprenden dos categorías principales, correspondientes a la "necesidad de despatologización y buen trato" y el "protocolo" como tal, que se articulan desde la comunidad trans y la institucionalidad. El protocolo se caracteriza por ser pionero, participativo, vinculante y reconocido. Desde la matriz FODA, se observa que las fortalezas principales corresponden al diálogo entre comunidad y profesionales, y la apertura del equipo profesional a actualizar sus conocimientos en atención en salud a personas trans. Las debilidades principales refieren a la discriminación pasiva hacia personas trans de parte de algunos profesionales, la falta de algunas prestaciones específicas en el protocolo y las pocas horas disponibles para los especialistas que son parte del programa. Conclusiones: el Protocolo de Atención de Personas Trans es considerado pionero en el país y es valorado positivamente por la comunidad trans nacional, lo cual la valida. Por lo mismo, deben buscarse formas de replicar el trabajo en otros servicios de salud.

Abstract Introduction: In Chile, current legislation ensures medical care for trans people in the national public health system. However, this does not apply to all of the national health services. This paper aims to describe the features and relevance of the Attention Protocol implemented by the Talcahuano's Health Service. A qualitative research study was conducted, and data was collected through semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The information was analyzed with Grounded Theory and a SWOT Matrix. Development: From the Grounded Theory, two main categories were obtained, which were "Need for despathologization and good treatment" and "Protocol" as such, categories that are articulated through the trans community and the institution. The Protocol's main features include its pioneering work, participatory specifications, binding for healthcare personnel and patients, and recognized. From the SWOT Matrix, it is noted that the main strengths of the Protocol include the dialog between professionals and the trans community, and the openness of the professional team in learning about improving health care for trans people. The main weaknesses include a passive discrimination toward trans people from some health professionals, the lack of certain specific services in the Protocol, and the few hours available for professionals from the Program. Conclusions: The Attention Protocol implemented by the Talcahuano's Health Service experience is acknowledged as pioneering work in Chile, and it is both valued positively and validated by the national trans community. Hence, the search for a means to replicate this work in other health services is necessary.

Resumo Introdução: no Chile, a legislação existente assegura a atenção médica no sistema de saúde público para as pessoas trans. Entretanto, isso não está sendo cumprido em todos os serviços de saúde. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever as características e relevância do Protocolo de Atenção de pessoas trans implementado pelo Serviço de Saúde Talcahuano. Realizou-se uma investigação qualitativa, com coleta de dados através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupo focal. A informação foi analisada através da Teoria Fundamentada e uma matriz FODA. Desenvolvimento: a partir da Teoria Fundamentada obtivemos duas categorias principais, correspondentes à "Necessidade de despatologização e bom tratamento" e o "Protocolo" como tal, que se articulam com a comunidade trans e a institucionalidade. O Protocolo se caracteriza por ser pioneiro, participativo, vinculador, e reconhecido. A partir da matriz FODA observa-se que os principais pontos fortes correspondem ao diálogo entre a comunidade e os profissionais, e a abertura da equipe profissional em atualizar seus conhecimentos no que diz respeito a atenção à saúde de pessoas trans. As principais debilidades se referem a discriminação passiva com as pessoas trans por parte de alguns profissionais, a falta de alguns serviços específicos no Protocolo, e as poucas horas disponíveis para os especialistas que fazem parte do programa. Conclusões: o Protocolo de Atenção de pessoas trans implementado pelo Serviço de Saúde Talcahuano é considerado pioneiro no país, e é positivamente valorizado pela comunidade trans nacional, fato que o torna válido. Por esse motivo, deve-se buscar formas de reproduzir este trabalho em outros serviços de saúde.

Abstract The general objective is to describe the innovation in the production of creams and soaps based on the extract of sea chicory from the No. 1 Union of Fish and Algueras de Coliumo. As theoretical background, information is presented on factors that intervened in the reality of Coliumo algueras when it came to innovating. Through the Grounded Theory, background information from the people who participate in the experien ce is described, with emphasis on the identity of being algueras, the identity of the union and the innovation carried out by Alga & Mar. The reported reality coincides with those background presented from the theoretical, and lends itself as a model for replication.

Resumen El objetivo general es describir la innovación en la producción de cremas y jabones en base al extracto de chicoria de mar del Sindicato Nº1 de Pescadoras y Algueras de Coliumo. Como antecedentes teóricos, se presenta información sobre factores que intervinieron en la realidad de algueras de Coliumo a la hora de innovar. A través de la Teoría Fundamentada, se describen antecedentes relevados desde las personas que participan de la experiencia, con énfasis en la identidad de ser algueras, la identidad del sindicato y la innovación realizada por Alga & Mar. La realidad relatada coincide con aquellos antecedentes presentados desde lo teórico, y se presta como modelo para la réplica.

Abstract: In October 2019, a series of protests took place throughout Chile. The aim of this paper is to describe the metaphors emitted by the president of Chile, Sebastián Piñera, in his speeches made between October 18 and 25, in the context of Chile's “Social Outbreak”. The metaphors were identified and analyzed from the approach of the dynamics of discourse applied to the metaphor. Metaphors related to: Social Agenda, States of Emergency, Manifestations and Needs of the Population were identified. It is observed that the President during the first week of the social outbreak sees the protests as obstacles in the “pathway” of the country's development; here the “war against a powerful enemy” stands out as the great obstacle to be defeated and where he must guide the population towards development through the Social Agenda, protecting what is “built” throughout Chilean history.

Resumen: En octubre del 2019 ocurrieron una serie de manifestaciones a lo largo de Chile. El objetivo de este artículo es describir las metáforas emitidas por el presidente de Chile, Sebastián Piñera, en sus discursos realizados entre el 18 y 25 de octubre, en contexto del “Estallido Social” de Chile. Las metáforas fueron identificadas y analizadas desde el enfoque de la dinámica del discurso aplicado a la metáfora. Se identificaron metáforas vinculadas a: Agenda Social, Estados de Emergencia, Manifestaciones y Necesidades de la Población. Se observa que el Presidente durante la primera semana del estallido social ve las manifestaciones como obstáculos en el “camino” del desarrollo del país; aquí, destaca la “guerra contra un enemigo poderoso” planteado como el gran obstáculo a ser derrotado y donde él debe guiar a la población hacia el desarrollo por medio de la Agenda Social, protegiendo lo “construido” a lo largo de la historia chilena.